The aim of this study was to determine the level of disability and the health-related quality of life SNS-032 cell line in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain.\n\nMethods: We performed a cross-sectional study in 187 patients (45.5 % of men, mean age 50.1 years) with chronic non-specific

low back pain attending physical therapy program. We used Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS), Euroqol questionnaire (EQq), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).\n\nResults: Mean ODI score +/- SD was 14.6 +/- 9.0. Mean score of EQ-5D was 3.6 +/- 1.6 points and of EQ-VAS 55.4 +/- 18.3 points. Mean score on VAS was 6.0 +/- 2.1 points. An independent factor associated with lower quality of life on EQ-VAS was higher level of chronic pain. Independent factors associated with a lower quality of life on EQ-5D were the presence of anxiety and depression, higher level of chronic pain, and the presence of chronic disease. Independent factors associated with greater disability measured on ODI were the presence of signs of anxiety and depression, higher level of chronic pain, and the presence of any chronic disease.\n\nConclusions: Chronic low back pain can be the cause of greater disability and lower quality of selleck inhibitor life, especially in patients

with somatic and mental co-morbidities, in female patients and in patients with higher levels of chronic pain. Doctors should focus on active search for signs of depression and anxiety and better pain management in patients with chronic low back pain, especially if somatic co-morbidities exist.”
“Micro-tensile properties of Au thin films were measured using a membrane deflection testing system. During the membrane deflection test, the deflection of the film was measured by an out-of-plane electronic speckle pattern interferometric (ESPI)

system. From the measurement, the tensile loads and strains exerted on the membrane film during the deflection of the film could be determined. Quantitative analysis of the phase maps of the ESPI speckle patterns corresponding to the respective different deflection levels provided the deflection distribution along the testing section of the film. Test pieces were GSK923295 Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor fabricated by electromachining process using 0.5 and 1. 0 mu m thick Au films which were deposited on the silicon wafer by sputtering technique. Tensile properties, including elastic modulus, yield and tensile strength, were evaluated in the tensile stress-strain curve determined from the load-deflection relation. These properties were compared to those obtained from the micro-tensile tests. It was found that the yield and tensile strengths obtained from the deflection tests were lesser than those from the micro-tensile tests. Furthermore, the thickness effect, showing the increasing tendency of yield strength with decreasing thickness, was experimentally examined.