Analysis by NMR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of beta-keto alcohol units, but also evidenced that the latter were also partly dehydrated into conjugated ketones via a crotonization reaction (from 20 to 33% depending on the structure of the initial monomers).”
“Purpose Disproportionality analysis is an important tool for interpreting spontaneous adverse event reports in pharmacovigilance. There exist a variety of disproportionality measures (DPMs) for use in safety signaling; however, it is not always clear which method is best suited for a particular need. A framework for comparing the various DPMs is necessary to fully understand the consequences

of quantitative signal detection implementation decisions. Here, the mathematical relationship between these measures is explored through a comparison of the underlying Elafibranor equations and a shrinkage approach is adopted to further clarify these relationships.\n\nMethods Many DPMs take the form of a ratio of the number of observed (O) cases and the number of expected (E) cases (i.e., O/E). Because O is unchanged by the method

selected, the method-specific E (E-DPM) is the fundamental difference between the values produced by these DPMs. Clarification of the relationship between these DPMs is pursued through the use of a shrinkage parameter (s).\n\nResults It is demonstrated that any arbitrary DPM, which can be defined as O/E-DPM, can also be expressed as a function of the reporting odds ratio

JNK-IN-8 (ROR) and s. This common equation allows for a straightforward comparison of the varying methods and the ability to clearly characterize the approaches according to their relative signal detection performance high throughput screening irrespective of the specific dataset to which the methods are applied. A novel DPM, the independent reporting ratio (IRR), provides an example of how the described framework can improve our understanding of disproportionality analyses and lead to the development of new methods.\n\nConclusions Explicitly defining DPMs as RORs with applied shrinkage provides a convenient method for understanding their relative signal detection performance and insight into the relative contributions to DPM shrinkage. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“There is no consensus in the literature as to the maximum delay for nerve repair following nerve injury. Our aim is to estimate the maximum delay at which a nerve can be successfully reconstructed. Eighteen patients (24 procedures) were operated at more than 12 months (12 to 36) post-injury. Mean age was 38 (17 to 74). There were 18 nerve transfers, four grafts and two secondary sutures for six target muscles. Evaluation of muscle power was scored and assessed against weights starting 12 months follow-up. Finally, two patients had contraction against 7 kg, two against 5 kg, six M4. Two were scored M3 and six were M2, thus 12 good results (67%).